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摘要:

美國現代著名小說家海明威曾經說過：“人生本來就是為了被打敗的。人能被毀滅，但是不能被打敗。”正是這種人生態度賦予了他筆下的桑提亞哥——勇敢、自信、自尊，永不屈服的性格特征。筆者從此角度出發，探索了“壓力下的風度”這一主題以及給人們帶來的啟示。

Abstract:中國論文聯盟整理。

Hemingway,afamousnovelistofAmerica,oncesaid＂Manisnotmadefordefeat.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.＂Santiagoisendowedwiththisoptimisticattitudetowardslife-courage,confidence,dignityandnevergivingup.Thisessayalsodealswiththeproblemof＂graceunderpressure＂anditsrevelationtopeople.

Keywords:nevergivingup;confidence;graceunderpressure

I．Thethreelayersofpressure

ThesuccessofTheoldmanandthesealiesmostinitsperfectdisplay--thegraceunderpressure．whichisaveryimportantqualityofSantiago．Thequalityiscomposedoftwodements：pressureandgrace．Pressureisthepremise，onlyunderpressurecanone‘sgracefuldemeanordisplay．

Atthebeginningofthenovel，SantiagohadgoneEighty··fourdayswithoutcatchingafishandhadbe··comethelaughingstockofhissmallvillage．Thisisanaffronttoamasterfulfisherman，anditformsthefirstlayerofpressure；Asthestorybegins，ayoungboy，Manolin，stayedwiththeoldman，butafterthefortiethlucklessday，theboy，sfathertoldhissontogoinanotherboat，leavingtheskiffofwhichthesailwaspatchedwithfoursacksandfurledliketheflagofpermanentdefeat．Whentheboylefttheoldmanandfishedwithanother，theycaughtthreegoodfishesinthefirstweek．Theboysgoodluckformedobviouscontrastwiththeoldmangillluck．Ifthishappenedtoanotherboy，itwa（中國論文聯盟整理）scoincidental，butithappenedtotheboywhohadgotnothingwiththeoldmanforfortydaysandexactlywhenhelefttheoldmanforoneweek．Thismadeotherfishermenbelievedthattheoldmanwasreallyunluckyenough!Thisisthesecondlayerofpressure；WhentheoldmanhookedthebiggestmarlinneverseenintheGulfStream，hewasalone，withoutthebenefitofmodemtechnology．Heenduredalongandgruelingstrugglewiththemarlinandfeltlonelyandhelpless．Thisisthethirdlayerofpressure．

II．Santiagograceunderthethreelayersofpressure

1．Graceunderthefirstlayerofpressure

Asthenovelbegins，wefindSantiagodefinitelyandfinallyfailed，however，hekeptself-composedandhadconfidenceinhisdignity．Soevenhavinggotnothinginthefirst84days，hecontinuedtogoouttofish．

Santiago％commitmenttosailingoutfurtherthananyfishermanhadbeforetestifiedhisconfidencetothedepth．Italsoshowedhisconfidencetochangehisbadluck，becauseheclearlyknewwhathewasbornfor．Yes，hewasbornfortheconqueringofthesea．Everythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheerfulandundefeated．Weallknowthateyesarethewindowsofone7ssou1．Itmeanstheoldman''''sheartorsoulisinconvincible．Inordertoprotecthisdignity，hefinallysummarizedthefamousmotto“Manisnotmadefordefeat．Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated”．

Thisisobviouslythedeclarationtothedifficuhiesandadversities．Howspiritedandvaliantthepledge!Itencourageshumantofightfordignity

2．Graceunderthesecondlayerofpressure

Theoldmanwasinhisadversityandtheboyhadgotgoodfishesafterhelefttheoldman．Santiagodidn’tfeeljealousbuthappyforhim．Whentalkingwiththeboywhowasnotwillingtoleave，theoldmansaid．“Iknowyoudidnotleavemebecauseyoudoub．ted’’?andhefeltitwasquitenorma1．thoughhewouldbelonelywithouttheboy．Whentheboyaskedifhecouldoffertheoldmanabeerontheterraceandthentookthestuffhome，theoldmansaid，“whynot，betweenfishermen

3．AUthesedetailsshowthatSantiagowasreasonable，sensible，kindwithopenmind．

Theoldman，sgraceliesinhisgenderfeeling．1et§takealookathowtheoldmanwoketheboy：hetookholdofonefootgentlyandheldituntiltheboywokeup．Whentheboywasstillsleepy，theoldmanputhisarmacrosshisshouldersandsaid“Iamsorry”．JustlikeLuXansaid，heartlessnessdoesntmakethehero，pityforchildrenmakesmoretheman．

Withconfidentattitudetowardslife，theoldmantookthingsphilosophically．Infacthehopedtheboycouldcomebacktohimandheneededtheboy，butwhentheboywantedtobeback，theoldmanrefusedbecauseitwastheboy，sparentswhomadehimleaveandhecouldnotmaketheboyawkwardandunluckywithhim．

3．GraceunderthethirdlayerofpressureWhenfightingwiththemarlin，hewasdriventhroughthetwooppositeforcesbetweencertaintyanduncertainty．SometimesSantiag（中國論文聯盟整理）ofeltlonelyandhelpless，butheconqueredallofthemultimately，whichwasbestpresentedinhislongmonologueandrecallaboutarln．wrestlingcontest．suchas“1wishIhadtheboytohelpmeandtoseethis”，“1wishtheboywerehere”and“1wishIhadtheboy"[39]．

Hismenti0n0ftheboyseveraltimesprovedthathewantedtoover．whelmlonelinessandenhancedcourageandforcetofight．

Santiagorecalledthearm—wrestlingepisodetogivehimmoreconfidence．Therecallwouldallowhimtoforgetaconnectionwiththemarlinthatwentbeyondtheliterallinkoftheline：hisbodilyachesattestedtothefactthatheiswellmatched．thatthefishisawor．thyopponent．Asayoungman，Santiagoenjoyedsingle-mindedcompetitivecontests，asanoldmanhecontinuedtoenjoythem．

III．Conclusion

TheoldmanconveysusthatwehumanbEingsshouldkeepgracefulevenunderfiercepressure，shouldfacethefailuresbravely，andkeepthespiritofunyieldingintegrity．Thesearethequalitieswithwhichweshouldbeequipped，justasthemottooftheoldman“Manisnotmadefordefeat．Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated．’’

【References】

[1]海明威．老人與海[M]．吳鈞，譯．上海：上海外文出版社，2000．

[2]BakerCarlos．EmestHemingway：alifestory[M]．NewYork：Scriber，1996．

[3]BrennerGerry．TheOldManandSea：storyofacommonman[M]．NewYork：Twaynepublishers，1991．

[4]桂揚清，吳翔林．英美文學選讀[M]．北京：中國對外翻譯出版社，2001．

[5]金莉，秦亞清．美國文學[M]．北京：外語教學與研究出版社，1996．