前言：我們精心挑選了數篇優質英語學術論文文章，供您閱讀參考。期待這些文章能為您帶來啟發，助您在寫作的道路上更上一層樓。

第1篇

>> 學術論文寫作與批判性思維培養 論英語議論文寫作與思辨能力培養 學術論文寫作指導 論英語學術論文標題的寫作 英語專業《學術論文寫作》課程教學中的實用性原則 公安院校學術論文寫作課程設置與教學方法 英語寫作教學與學生思辨能力的培養 獨立學院英語專業本科學生英語學術論文寫作能力管窺 論文寫作中的思辨能力培養 思維模式差異對英語學術論文寫作的影響及對策 《教育課題研究與學術論文寫作》作者邀請 淺論在讀體育碩士生學術論文寫作與發表 中醫學術論文摘要的寫作與翻譯研究 英語學術論文中的學術詞匯研究 英語學術論文中的學術詞匯探討 學術論文英文摘要寫作解析 學術論文“結果與討論”寫作規范 淺談學術論文摘要寫作 編輯視野下的英文學術論文寫作 城建檔案學術論文寫作研究 常見問題解答 當前所在位置：l， 2011/2/8.

[2] Dewey， John. How We Think[M]. New York： D. C. Heath and Company， 1933.

[3] Facione O’，P. 1990. California Critical Thinking Skills Test [ M] .Millbrae： The California Academic Press.

[4] Geertsen， H. Reed， Rethinking thinking about higher-level thinking [J]. Teaching Sociology， 2003（1）.

[5] Hughes，A. Testing for Language Teachers [M]. Cambridge： Cambridge University Press， 1989.

[6] 陳亞平，劉楓.英語學院2008級新生批判性思維能力調查 [J] .北外英文學刊，2010（1） .

[7] 高校外語專業教學指導委員會英語組.高等學校英語專業英語教學大綱（2000版）[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，2000.

[8] 何其莘，黃源深，秦秀白，陳建平.近三十年來我國高校英語專業教學回顧與展望[J].外語教學與研究，2008（6）.

[9] 胡文仲，孫有中.突出學科特點，加強人文教育――試論當前英語專業教學改革[ J].外語教學與研究，2006（5）.

[10] 胡文仲.英語專業“專”在哪里[J].外語界，2008（6）.

[11] 黃源深.英語專業課程必須徹底改革――再談“思辨缺席”[J].中國外語，2010（1）.

[12] 李莉文.英語專業寫作評測模式設計：以批判性思維能力培養為導向[J].外語與外語教學，2011（8）.

[13] 林崇德.思維心理學研究的幾點回顧[J].北京師范大學學報（社會科學版），2006（5）.

[14] 羅仕國，秦艷，黃宗杰，梁葉麗，孫莉莉.關于本科生批判性思維能力的調查與討論[J].廣西教育，2009（3）.

[15] 入世與外語專業教育課題組.關于高等外語專業教育體制與教學模式改革的幾點思考（一）[J].外語界，2001（5）.

[16] 孫有中.突出思辨能力培養，將英語專業教學改革引向深入[J].中國外語，2011（8）.

[17] 文秋芳，周燕.評述外語專業學生思維能力的發展[J].外語學刊，2006（5）.

第2篇

關鍵詞：商務英語；體裁分析；學術論文

Abstract：Business English major belongs to English for Especial Purpose，which leads to new development in terms of English discipline.At present，the academic study of BE has been a focus for ESP.As a result，more and more BE research papers have emerged.This paper aims to discuss the introduction of BE research paper based on Genre Analysis，which may provide some enlightenments for BE academic writing..

Key words： Business English；Genre analysis；academic paper

中圖分類號：H315文獻標識碼：A文章編號：1006-026X（2013）12-0000-03

1.引言

隨著國內外學術交流的不斷深入，對于學術論文寫作和交流能力的要求也相應地提高。學術科研論文寫作作為各種科研學術交流的主要形式已經成為學術交流的必備應用能力。學術論文具有高度的“規約性”，其屬于賦有特定目的的交際事件類型，因此一般遵循約定俗成的慣例，而引言是學術論文的第一部分，具有可辨認的語步模式。根據Swales的觀點，他采取“語步”（move）和“步驟”（step）來研究學術論文的引言，進而創建了CARS模式。CARS即 Create A Research Space，意為建立學術研究空間，這一模式表明學術論文引言作為一類體裁，體現了“建立學術研究空間”的交際目的。

基于體裁分析法的商務英語學術論文引言研究是本文關注的焦點，因為學術論文的引言部分對于整篇文章的構建具有提綱挈領的作用，通過引言的介紹，整個語篇的宏觀結構及典型的交際目的便非常清晰，因此，就學術論文體裁的特征結合商務語言的特定交際目標，商務英語學術論文引言的體裁分析對這類文章的語用策略指導具有一定積極意義。本文基于體裁分析方法討論商務英語學術論文引言的建構，以期能夠挖掘商務英語學術論文引言語境的確定，模式的建立和語步分析的結構潛勢。

2.相關研究綜述

體裁分析理論最早是與文學研究密切相關的，之后由人種學家引入語言學領域（Swales，1990，p34）。經過二三十年的發展，而今，語言學家們就體裁概念的界定而言，有兩個主要學派即：以斯維爾斯和巴蒂亞為代表的ESP學派（Swalesian ESP School）和以馬丁為代表的澳大利亞學派（Australian School）。 John M.Swales的觀點是“體裁是指包括具有共同交際目的的一組交際事件”（Swales，1990，p58）；而深受韓禮德影響的澳大利亞學派則認為“體裁是一種有步驟，有目的的活動類型，其數量和社會行為的數量一致”。上世紀末，秦秀白教授對巴蒂亞的定義作過比較詳盡的總結，包括以下4個方面：（1）體裁是一種可辨認的交際事件；（2）體裁是不一般的交際事件；（3）在建構語篇時，我們必須遵循某種特定體裁所要求的慣例；（4）盡管體裁有其慣例和制約性，內行人仍可在體裁的框架內傳達個人的意圖或交際目的。因此，我們可以看出各個學派在定義上存在差異，但本質是一致的：

（1） 體裁是對交際事件的一種分類；

（2） 交際事件的分類標準由語篇的內部結構特征和約定俗稱的交際目的兩個方面決定；

（3） 體裁具有常規性和制約性，語篇內容和形式需要遵循體裁要求；

（4） 同一體裁下的不同語篇存在差異。

ESP學派的代表人物斯維爾斯和巴蒂亞是把語步（move）和（step）作為語篇分析的出發點，以學術和職業語篇為分析對象，總結歸納出特定體裁的基本語步和步驟。例如：斯維爾斯（1990）總結了學術論文中引言，研究方法，結論各部分的話步和步驟，這就為高級寫作和學術英語的教學等實際應用環境提供了一個理論框架。專門用途英語研究方法也都把體裁視為一種社會活動，認為體裁可能隨著交際需要的變化而變化和發展。而本文所討論的商務英語學術語篇也正是基于這一學派的理論框架進行分析與演繹，并借助語料庫的思路預期這類型文章引言寫作實踐的謀篇布局。

3.研究設計

3.1 研究問題

本研究集中討論商務英語學術語篇是否具有可辨認且固定的語步？這對同類型文章的引言寫作有何意義？

3.2 研究方法及設計

眾所周知，有關商務英語的學術期刊并不很多，事實上這在一定程度上也制約了這方面的研究，因此本文所分析的100篇文章主要從來源上分為2個部分：其中60篇選自于《中國ESP研究》，《商務外語研究》和《全國國際商務英語研討會論文集》3類與商務英語專業密切相關的期刊及會議。目前，對外經濟貿易大學在商務英語研究領域獨占鰲頭，由其主辦的期刊可以被看作是國內這一學科發展最新，最全面且最專業的水平。而全國國際商務英語研討會則是在商務英語學科不斷發展前進的見證者，因此，選自于以上期刊及會議的60篇文章可以被視作發表于專業類期刊及會議的商務英語學術語篇，其余40篇選自于中國知網最新的以商務英語為題的學術論文。這些文章的選取旨在能夠多渠道的采樣文本，具備廣泛性。本研究依據斯維爾斯的學術語篇引言分析的理論框架對所選取的篇章進行了語步分析及頻率統計，并根據數據討論給出了研究結果分析與說明。

4.結果與討論

4.1語步分析

商務英語學術論文引言部分的體裁結構特征：

斯維爾斯的體裁理論為體裁分析提供了基本框架，并強調交際目的的關鍵作用。他首先著重研究了學術研究論文的引言部分，提出了“創建研究空間”分析模式，并對引言部分進行了語步分析：首先，建立研究范圍；其次，建立研究地位；再次，占據研究地位。論文引言的語步模式、專業類期刊商英論文引言特征及專業類各語步統計頻率分別如表1、表2、表3所示；表4、表5分別給出了非專業類期刊文章語步模式和非專業類各語步統計頻率。

表1非常詳細的列出了斯維爾斯關于學術論文引言語步的模式建構，共3個Move，每個語步下面細化為具體的步驟層次，但當這個語步分析應用到實際刊發的商務英語學術論文時就發現，這類文章的作者并不是嚴格按照語步順序撰寫文章，即使出現循環的步驟，只要滿足寫作需求都可以實行。這一點在下面語步統計的具體數據中得到了證實。表3專業類各語步統計頻率中，例如摘自《中國ESP研究》中的文章，論文引言中雖然也出現了3個Move（語步），并且第一個Move中的3個Step與斯維爾斯的完全重合，但是當引言分析進行到第二個Move時，發現傳統的學術論文引言中所包涵的4個步驟縮減為2個，第三個Move中的4個Step也只出現了其中2個。由此可見，學術論文的嚴謹邏輯是3個語步大框架所承載的，豐富的步驟推進會讓文章的交際功能獲得銜接鏈條的集約化，但是省略其中的一些具體步驟也并沒有影響到語篇所應完成的交際目的，因而，對于專業類期刊中商務英語學術論文引言的分析可知，這部分寫作的基本架構是3個宏觀語步分別是Move 1：確定研究范圍；Move 2：提出研究具體問題；Move 3：介紹自己在研究的具體問題上所作出的貢獻（研究成果），當這3步確立之后，引言部分的語篇功能已經建立，具體步驟的參與例如表2，表3中的各個步驟實施順序使得商務英語學術論文引言的這類交際事件類型完整而嚴密。這也說明，學術論文引言這類語言體裁，是有一定的，相對固定的典型的整體建構形式，體裁組織著功能語體，并且這些體裁不僅有語體的共性，還具有各自不同的語言使用特點和語言組織特點。從以上的表4和表5統計的頻率可知，這些發表在中國知網非商務英語專業類期刊的學術論文的引言部分的Move1和Move3也基本符合斯維爾斯的提出的“創建研究空間”語步模式，但Move3中的step4在只有很少一部分文章直接在引言部分指出了文章的結構，這主要是由于各類期刊或文章篇幅的要求不一致，因為非專業類期刊所發表的商務英語學術語篇對文章引言的邏輯安排并不作要求，畢竟這些期刊所刊發的是各學科各門類文章，因而更加注重論文內容的創新及結論的時效性。另外，CARS模式的Move2中的：step1：對前人的研究成果提出質疑（Counter-claiming）；step2：指處其不足之處（Indicating a gap）基本都沒有出現在引言中，可見我國論文作者對Move2即提出研究的具體問題（Establishing a niche）這一步驟的寫作習慣傾向于注重step3和step4的提出問題與繼續研究這兩個語步。總之在非商務英語專業類型的期刊上所發表的文章中，語步統計頻率表基本呈現出了學術論文的引言步驟，但商務英語語篇的學術結合商務專業的特征并不明顯，而且并未涉及CARS模式的全部步驟。但是Move1與Move3：確定研究范圍（Establishing a territory）和 Move3 的概括研究目的（Occupying the Niche）的各個步驟基本在絕大多數的文章都得到了謀篇布局時的重點陳述。這證明了斯維爾斯的學術論文語步模式是廣泛，通用及規約性的，它對商務英語學術論文引言的建構是有指導意義的，當然由于文章內容和交際目的的異同，當作者在應對不同的征稿意見及個人特定的寫作習慣時，引言中的各個語步有所變動。就這點而言，無論是商務英語專業類抑或是非商務英語專業類期刊中的文章在引言寫作中都沒有差別。

5.結語

中國的貿易發展是有目共睹的，商務英語的學科建設是時展的客觀要求。但只局限于模仿通用英語的教學與

研究方式是無法與現實的需求接軌的，因此，商務英語必須建立本學科實踐特有的并且可循環的認知模式，而這就一定要在理論上得到基礎層面的支持。商務英語學術科研的發展從根本上制約著此類人才的培養，商英學術論文正是承擔這類科研的載體，本文所討論的商務英語學術論文引言就是試圖以體裁分析的方法探索這類新興學科的學術論文的結構潛勢，體裁的雙重性即商務交際性及學術交際性使得這類特定的語篇在引言部分充分體現出了學術體裁的語步建構，全文的分析以期能夠通過體裁的分析方式提高商英學術論文引言的框架指導，進而推動商務英語學術論文寫作的更多的探究與研討。

參考文獻：

[1]Bhatia V K.Worlds of Written Discourse：A Genre-based View[M].London & New York..

[2]Bhatia V K.Analysing Genre：Language Use in Professional Settings[M].London & NY：London & NY：Longman，1993.

[3]Swales J M & Feak C B.English in Todays Research World：A Writing Guide[M].Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，2000，120 -156.

[4]Swales，J.Genre Analysis[M].Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1990.

[5]陳平.外貿英語寫作教學新思路：語篇體裁分析理論及其應用[J].外國語，1999（3）：28-30.

[6]韓金龍，秦秀白.體裁分析與體裁教學[J].外語界，2000，（1）：11-18.

[7]鞠玉梅.體裁分析與英漢學術論文摘要語篇[J].外語教學，2004（2）：32-36.

[8]葛冬梅，楊瑞英.學術論文摘要的體裁分析[J].現代外語，2005（2）：138-146.

[9]李戰子.學術話語中認知型情態的多重人際意義[J].外語教學與研究，2001（5）：353-358.

[10]李宣松.體裁分析與商務語篇[J].外國語，1997（2）：26-29.

第3篇

    1. In this paper, we focus on the need for

    2. This paper proceeds as follow.

    3. The structure of the paper is as follows.

    4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

    5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

    Introduction

    1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.

    2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

    3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

    Review

    1. This review is followed by an introduction.

    2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.

    3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.

    4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...

    5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

    6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

    Body

    1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

    2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

    3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

    4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

    5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

    6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

    7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.

    8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

    9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

    10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

    11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

    12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.

    13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

    14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.

    15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

    16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

    17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

    18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.

    19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

    20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

    21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

    22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.

    23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

    24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.

    25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.

    26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.

    27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

    1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.

    2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

    2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.

    3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.

    4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.

    5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.

    6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

    Summary

    1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.

    2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.

    3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.

    4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.

    5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

    6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.

    7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

    Chapter 0. Abstract

    1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.

    2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

    3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

    4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

    5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

    6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.

    7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.

    8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

    9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

    10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

    11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.

    12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

    13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.

    14. This paper analyses problems in

    15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...

    16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...

    17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

    18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

    19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

    20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

    21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

    22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.

    23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

    Chapter 1. Introduction

    Time

    1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive

    2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

    3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the

    4. The development of ... is explored

    5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

    6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

    7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...

    8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...

    9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

    10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

    11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method

    has yet to be developed.

    12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

    13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

    Objective / Goal / Purpose

    1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

    2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.

    3. The paper concerns the development of a xx

    4. The scope of this research lies in

    5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.

    6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...

    7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:

    8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

    9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

    10. The main objective of such a ... system is to

    11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.

    12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

    13. In order to take advantage of their similarity

    14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed

    15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...

    16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues

    17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.

    18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.

    19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods

    20. This illustration points out the need to specify

    21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

    22. Chapter 2. Literature Review

    23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

    24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade

    25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.

    26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning

    27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

    28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

    methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

    29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

    30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

    31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

    32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.

    33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.

    34. The central issue in all these studies is to

    35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

    36. Applied ... techniques to

    37. Characterized the ... system as

    38. Developed an algorithm to

    39. Developed a system called ... which

    40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

    41. Emphasized the need to

    42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

    43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken

    44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed

    45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

    Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

    46. Point out that the problem of

    47. A study on ...was done / developed by []

    48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

    49. The approach taken by [] is

    50. The system developed by [] consists

    51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []

    52. []'s model requires consideration of...

    53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development

    54. []'s model focuses on...

    55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to

    56. The published information that is relevant to this research...

    57. This study further shows that

    58. Their work is based on the principle of

    59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].

    60. Studies have been completed to established

    61. The ...studies indicated that

    62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

    Problem / Issue / Question

    63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.

    64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

    67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

    68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed

    69. An unanswered question

    70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

    71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....

    72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed

    73. The three prime issues can be summarized:

    74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...

    75. There have been many attempts to